Neurologist advises three lifestyle steps to lower dementia risk

Dr. Arun Shah, director of the Neurosciences department at Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital, told HT Lifestyle that dementia is not a normal part of ageing and can be linked to vascular and metabolic risk factors. He explained that uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage brain vessels, leading to small strokes and vascular dementia. Smoking, he said, harms the lining of blood vessels, raises blood pressure and contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation that may affect brain health. Diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol and prior brain injury also impair vascular function and increase the brain's oxygen deficit, raising the risk of cognitive decline.

"Dementia can be defined as the decline in cognitive functioning of an individual due to abnormalities or damage in the brain," Dr. Shah said. He noted that genetics may raise susceptibility, especially when combined with modifiable risks. While not all cases are preventable, Dr. Shah recommended three primary lifestyle changes: quit smoking, keep blood pressure under control and adopt a balanced lifestyle that includes regular exercise, a nutritious diet, sufficient sleep and proper management of chronic conditions. He emphasized that protecting brain health should begin before any memory problems appear. The neurologist also highlighted his role overseeing the hospital’s Comprehensive Stroke Centre and its Multiple Sclerosis and Memory Clinics.